«C¤Ö¦~»ùÈÆ[ªº§Î¦¨»Pµo®i»ùȪº°ÝÃDÁÙ¬O«ä¦Òªº°ÝÃD¡H
/ ªL¤å·ë
ºKn
®Ú¾Ú¤åÄm¤ÀªR¡A´N¾ãÅ骺»ùÈÅܾE¦Ó¨¥¡A«C¤Ö¦~ªº»ùÈÆ[¤ñ¤§¥H©¹¡Aªº½T¦³ÁͦVÓ¤H¥D¸q¡B¥\§Q©Ê»ùȪº¶É¦V¡AµM¦Ó¡A¬Û¸û©ó¦¨¤H¡A«C¤Ö¦~«oÁÙ¬O¤ñ¸ûªÀ·|¨ú¦V»P¹D¼w¨ú¦Vªº¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A«C¤Ö¦~»ùÈÆ[ªº±e«U¤Æ¡BÓ¤H¤Æ¡A¤@¤è±¬OªÀ·|ÅܾEªºµ²ªG¡A¤@¤è±¬OªÀ·|¤Æªºµ²ªG¡A¨Ã«D¬Oµo®i¶¥¬q¤Wªº¯S¦³²{¶H¡C¤Þ¤H²`«äªº¬O¡A¥xÆW«C¤Ö¦~¤@¤è±¦b»ùÈÆ[¤W¤ñ¦¨¦~¤H§óªÀ·|¨ú¦V¡B¤ñ¦è¤è¦P¾«§ó¹D¼w¨ú¦V¡C¦ý¬O¥t¤@¤è±¡A«oªí²{¥X³\³\¦h¦hÀb¤HÅ¥»D¡B¹H¤ÏªÀ·|³W½dªº¦æ¬°¡A¦b¥Ç¸o²v¤W¬Æ¦Ü°ª©ó¦¨¦~¤H¡C³o¼Ëªº²{¶HÅã¥Ü¡A»ùÈÆ[¨Ã¤£ª½±µ¤Þ¾É¦æ¬°¡A¦æ¬°¬O¥H»ùÈÆ[¬°«e´£ªº«ä¦Ò¾úµ{¤§¤Ï¬M¡C¦]¦¹¡A«C¤Ö¦~¦æ¬°¥¢§Çªº¥Dnì¦]¥i¯à¨Ã¤£¥X¦b»ùÈ¥»¨¡A¦Ó¬O¥X¦b«ä¦Ò¯à¤Oªº¤£¨¬¡C·í«C¤Ö¦~°ÝÃD¹ê½è¤W¤£¬O»ùÈÆ[°ÝÃD¡A¦Ó¬O«ä¦Ò°ÝÃD®É¡A¥[±j»ùÈ»²¾É¤£·|«µ®Ä¡A©IÆ~¤ßÆF§ï²§ó¬O¹j¹u·kÄo¡C°ß¦³¥[±j«ä¦Ò±Ð¨|¡AÅý«C¤Ö¦~¦b§ó¼e®eªº±Ð¨|Àô¹Ò¸Ì¡A¦³¼á²M»ùÈ¡B«ä¿ë¹D¼w§x¹Òªº¾÷·|¡A°ö¾i¦X²zªº«ä¦Ò¯à¤O»P¦¨¼ôªº¹D¼w§PÂ_¯à¤O¡A¤~¯à¸Ñ¨M¡C
ÃöÁä¦r¡G»ùÈÆ[¡B«ä¦Ò¤è¦¡¡B«C¤Ö¦~
«C¤Ö¦~¦bµo®i¤W¬O¹L´ç´Á¡A¥Í¬¡¤W«h¬OÂàÅÜ´Á¡A¥ḺÁ{¤F³\¦h·s©_¦ý¤S¥Rº¡À£¤Oªº¸gÅç¡A¨Ò¦p¡A«C¬K´Áªº¥Í²zÅܤơB¶i¤J·s¾Ç®Õ©À·sªº½Òµ{¡A¹Á¸Õ»P²§©Ê¥æ©¹µ¥µ¥¡A¹ï«C¤Ö¦~¦Ó¨¥¡A³o¨Ç³£¬O¡u¤S´Á«Ý¤S©È¨ü¶Ë®`¡vªº·s±¡¹Ò¡C¥L̹良¨Ó¦³¬Û·íµ{«×ªº¤£½T©w¡A«o¤S¥²¶·¬°¥¼¨ÓªºªÀ·|¨¤¦â§@·Ç³Æ¡C¦b¬°¥¼¨Ó·Ç³Æ¤§¦P®É¡A¤S¥²¶·ÝÅU²{¦bªºªí²{¡C¦]¦¹¡A¤ñ°_¦¨¦~¤H¡A«C¤Ö¦~¦³§ó·¥ºÝªº±¡ºüÅܤơA±`±`Â\Àú¦b¿³¾Ä¡B§Ö¼Ö¡A©Î¼««ã¡Bªq³àµ¥¥¿t¨â·¥ªº±¡ºü·í¤¤¡]Harter & Monsour, 1992³Q§Î®e¬°³B©ó¡u·¼É»PÀ£¤O¡vstorm and stress)(Hall, 1893)®É´Á
µM¦Ó¡Aªñ´X¦~¨Ó¡A«C¤Ö¦~¶}©l¥X²{¨Ã«D¥H³æ¯Âªº±¡ºü©Ê«q°f¯à¸ÑÄÀªº¦æ¬°¡A«C¤Ö¦~öt¨®¼É¨«¡B§l¹¬r«~¡B¦â±¡¥æ©ö¡B½ä³Õ¹qª±¡B®Õ¶é¼É¤O¡B¸j²¼·m§T¡B¶°Åéâh¡B±þ¤H»P¦Û±þµ¥¡A³\³\¦h¦h¥H©¹»{¬°¡u¤p«Ä¤£¥i¯à¦p¦¹¡vªº¨Æ¤@¦Aµo¥Í¡A¤T¤Ñ¨âÀY´N¦³¤@¥óÁq¤HÅ¥»Dªº·s»D¡C³o¨ÇÁÙ¦b¨ü±Ð¨|¦~ÄÖªº«Ä¤l¡Aªí²{¥X³\³\¦h¦hÅý¦¨¦~¤H¥ØÀü¤f§bªº¦æ®|¡A¤Ï¬M¥X¥L̤£¶È¬O¤ß²z²V¶Ã¡B±¡ºüW´e¡A¦Ó¥B¬O¦æ¬°¥¢¥h·Ç«h¡C¥Hªñ¤Q¦~¥xÆW¦a°Ï¥Ç¸o¤H¤f¤ñ²v¡]ªí¤@¡^¬°«ü¼Ð¡A¬Û¹ï©ó¦¨¦~¤H¡A«C¤Ö¦~¥Çªº¤ñ²v¤£¥i¿×¤£°ª¡C°w¹ï³o¼Ëªº²{¶H¡AªÀ·|©IÆ~¤ßÆF§ï²¡B±Ð¨|n¨D¥[±j»²¾É¡A¥Ø¼Ð³£¦b¾É¥¿«C¤Ö¦~ªº»ùÈÆ[¡CµM¦Ó¡A¦æ¬°¬O§_ª½±µ¤Ï¬M»ùÈÆ[¡H«C¤Ö¦~°ÝÃD¯uªº¥Dn¬O»ùÈÆ[ªº°ÝÃD¶Ü¡H
ªí¤@ ªñ¤Q¦~¥xÆW¦a°Ï«C¤Ö¦~¥Ç»P¦¨¤H¥Ç¤§¥Ç¸o¤H¤f²v¤ñ¸û
¦~§O |
¨àµ£¥Ç |
¤Ö¦~¥Ç |
¦¨¦~¥Ç |
¤§¤H¤f¼Æ
¤Q¤G·³¥¼º¡ |
¥Ç¸o¤H¼Æ |
¥Ç¸o¤H¤f²v |
¤§¤H¤f¼Æ
¤Q¤K·³¥¼º¡
¤Q¤G·³¥H¤W |
¥Ç¸o¤H¼Æ |
¥Ç¸o¤H¤f²v |
¤§¤H¤f¼Æ
¤Q¤K·³¥H¤W |
¥Ç¸o¤H¼Æ |
¥Ç¸o¤H¤f²v |
78 |
4,365,104 |
963 |
2.21 |
2,228,312 |
19,141 |
85.90 |
13,514,024 |
66,595 |
49.28 |
79 |
4,312,171 |
863 |
2.00 |
2,268,912 |
17,735 |
78.17 |
13,778,320 |
67,070 |
48.68 |
80 |
4,216,456 |
941 |
2.23 |
2,320,982 |
23,837 |
102.70 |
14,019,404 |
90,377 |
64.44 |
81 |
4,132,616 |
1,258 |
3.04 |
2,366,221 |
28,973 |
122.44 |
14,253,657 |
135,116 |
94.79 |
82 |
4,048,254 |
1,168 |
2.89 |
2,407,072 |
28,983 |
120.41 |
14,488,680 |
134,185 |
92.61 |
83 |
3,659,676 |
1,024 |
2.80 |
2,405,088 |
26,572 |
110.48 |
14,813,111 |
143,166 |
96.65 |
84 |
3,885,667 |
856 |
2.20 |
2,387,179 |
28,541 |
119.56 |
15,031,335 |
129,822 |
86.37 |
85 |
3,836,476 |
633 |
1.65 |
2,349,824 |
26,267 |
111.78 |
15,339,133 |
130,256 |
85.01 |
86 |
3,746,412 |
543 |
1.45 |
2,263,095 |
22,553 |
99.66 |
15,673,809 |
145,201 |
92.64 |
87 |
3,547,647 |
397 |
1.12 |
2,175,364 |
19,082 |
87.72 |
16,054,085 |
117,898 |
73.44 |
¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡G
1.¤ÀÄÖ¤H¤f¼Æ¬°¤º¬F³¡²Îp¸ê®Æ¡C
2.¤Ö¦~¥Ç¸o¤H¼Æ¬°¥xÆW°ªµ¥ªk°|²Îp«Ç¸ê®Æ¡C
»¡©ú ¡G
1.¥»ªí¤£§t¸·¥Ç¡C
2.¥»ªí¨Ì¾Ú¥xÆW¦a°Ï¦U¦a¤èªk°|¤Ö¦~ªk®xµô§Pµ²ªG²Îp¡A¬G»P¨Ì¾Ú¡u¤Ö¦~¨Æ¥óÓ¬d³ø§i¡v¤§¸ê®Æ²Îp©Ò¦C¤§¼Æ¦r²¤¦³¤£¦P¡C
3.¥Ç¸o¤H¤f²v¡A«Y¥Ñ¨C¸U¤H¤fpºâ¥Ç¸o¤H¼Æ¡C
«C¤Ö¦~°ÝÃD¬O»ùÈÆ[°ÝÃD¶Ü¡H
§Ú̳q±`»{¬°»ùÈ«ü¾É¦æ¬°¡A°¾®tªº¦æ¬°¥Nªí°¾®tªº»ùÈÆ[¡C¦]¦¹¹J¨ì«C¤Ö¦~ªí²{¥X¹O¶VªÀ·|³W½dªº¦æ¬°¡Aª½Ä±«K»{¬°¬O«C¤Ö¦~ªº»ùÈÅé¨t¥X¤F°ÝÃD¡A»Ýn·Q¿ìªk¾É¥¿¥L̪º»ùÈÆ[¡C¦b¦¹¡A¦³¥²n¥ý¬Ý¬Ý«C¤Ö¦~»ùÈÆ[¨ì©³¥X¤F¤°»ò°ÝÃD¡C
®Ú¾Ú½Õ¬d¡A²Ä¤G¦¸¥@¬É¤j¾Ô«á¡A«C¤Ö¦~ªº»ùÈÆ[ªº½T¦³±q¡u¦Û§ÚÄ묹¡vªºªÀ·|©Ê¹D¼w»ùÈÆ[ÂàÅܦ¨¡u¦Û§Úº¡¨¬¡vªºÓ¤H©Ê¥\§Q»ùÈÆ[¡]¤é¥»Á`°ÈÆU«C¤Ö¦~¹ïµ¦¥»³¡½Õ¬d³ø§i¡A1987¡^¤§ÁͶաC1989¦~¤@¶µ¥H11Ó°ê®aªº«C¦~¬°¹ï¶Hªº¤j³W¼Ò½Õ¬d¬ã¨s¡]¡q¥@¬É«C¦~ªº¥Í¬¡·NÃѽլd³ø§i®Ñ¡r¡A1989¡^¤¤¡G»{¬°¤H¥Íªº¥Øªº¬O¡u´g·Nªº¥Í¬¡¡v¡B¡u´I¸Îªº¥Í¬¡¡v¤Î¡uÀò±o°ªªÀ·|¦a¦ì¡vµ¥¡A¥HÓ¤H»ùȬ°¤¤¤ßªº«C¦~¤H¡A»·»·¶W¹L¬Ý«¡u¹ïªÀ·|¦³©Ò°^Äm¡v¤§ªÀ·|»ùȪ̡CµM¦Ó¡A¥²»Ý¯S§Oª`·Nªº¬O¡A³oºØ»ùÈÆ[ªº§ïÅÜ°ò¥»¤W¬O¥Ñ©ó²£·~ºc³y¡BªÀ·|²Õ´¡B®a®x«¬ºA¡B¤u§@¤è¦¡ªº§ïÅÜ¡A¥H¤Î¤HÅv«ä·Q¡B¿W¥ß·¼éªº¼vÅT¡A©Ò²£¥Íªº´¶¹M©Ê§ïÅÜ¡]§f¥ÁÂ{¡A¥Á79¡^¡A¨Ã«D«C¤Ö¦~¯S¦³ªºÁͶաCY±q¬Û¹ïÅܤƪº¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡A«C¤Ö¦~ªº»ùÈÆ[¥¼¥²¤ñ¦¨¦~¤Hªº»ùÈÆ[§ó°¾Â÷¶Ç²Î»ùÈÆ[¡C
Á|¨Ò¦Ó¨¥¡ARokeach¡]1973¡^ªº¬ã¨s«ü¥X¡A«C¤Ö¦~®É´Á¤ñ¸û«µø»P¤H»Ú¦³ÃöªºªÀ·|»ùÈ»P¹D¼w»ùÈ¡A¤ñ¸û¤£«µøÄÝ©óÓ¤Hªº¯à¤O»ùÈ¡F¤Ï¹L¨Ó»¡¡AÓ¤H¯à¤Oªº»ùȦ³ÀHµÛ¦~ÄÖªº¼W¥[¦Ó¦³·U¨ü«µøªº¶É¦V¡C°ê¤ºªº¬ã¨s¡]¨L¼iºû¡A¥Á70¡F §d©ú²M¡A¥Á82¡F·¨¦Û±j¡A¥Á84¡^¤]¤jPÅçÃÒ¤F¦¹¤@ÁͶաC¦æ¬F°|«C»²·|ªº«C¤Ö¦~¥Õ¥Ö®Ñ½Õ¬d³ø§i«ü¥X¡A«C¤Ö¦~ªº»ùÈÆ[¤jÅé¤W¦h²Å¦XÀu¨}¶Ç²Î¡A¯à¿í´`¥j¥N¹D¼w³W½d¡]¦æ¬F°|¡A¥Á85¡^¡C¦¹¥~¡A¥H¾ãÅ骺¦Û±þ²v¡]U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1996¡^¬°«ü¼Ð¡A¦~»´¤H¨Æ¹ê¤W¤ñ¦¨¤H¬Ã±¤¥Í©R»ùÈ¡C
¥xÆW«C¤Ö¦~ªº»ùÈÆ[
Offer et al.¡]1988¡^´¿¥H¥]¬A¥xÆW¦b¤ºªº¤QÓ°ê®aªº«C¤Ö¦~¬°¹ï¶H¡A½Õ¬d«C¤Ö¦~ªº¦Û§Ú·§©À»P»ùÈÆ[¡A¤]Àò±o»PRokeach¡]1973¡^¬Û¦üªºµ²ªG¡Cªí¤G¬O±q¤å¤Æ¤ñ¸ûªºÆ[ÂI¡A±NOfferµ¥¤Hªº¬ã¨sµ²ªG¤¤¡A¨ã¤å¤Æ®t²§ªº¶µ¥Ø¦C¥Ü¥X¨Ó¡C
ªí¤G ¦³¤å¤Æ®t²§ªºÓ¤H»ùȶµ¥Ø°ê»Ú¤ñ¸ûªí¡]¦Ê¤À¤ñ¡^
°ê®a
§OÃDÃÙ¦P¤ñ¨Ò¶µ¥Ø |
¿D¬w |
©s¥[©Ô |
¦I¤ú§Q |
¥H¦â¦C |
¸q¤j§Q |
¥xÆW |
¤g¦Õ¨ä |
¬ü°ê |
¦è¼w |
05. §Ú¤£·|¥u¬°¤F¦nª±¦Ó¥h¶Ë®`§O¤H |
74 |
64 |
64 |
72 |
78 |
66 |
86 |
81 |
67 |
40. §Y¨Ï§Úª¾¹D¦Û¤v¤]¦³¿ù¡A§ÚÁÙ¬O·|³d©Ç¥L¤H |
35 |
25 |
11 |
22 |
38 |
27 |
11 |
29 |
13 |
48. ¹ï§Ú¦Ó¨¥¡A»¡¹ê¸Ü²@µL·N¸q |
20 |
23 |
11 |
14 |
18 |
16 |
6 |
10 |
20 |
67. ¥un¹ï¦Û¤v¦³§Q¡A§Ú¤£·|¦b¥G¦æ¬°¹ï¥L¤Hªº¼vÅT |
21 |
22 |
16 |
27 |
10 |
12 |
30 |
11 |
12 |
120.§Ú¤£Ä@·N©M¨º¨Ç³ßÅw·t½b¶Ë¤Hªº¤H¨Ó©¹ |
63 |
82 |
81 |
73 |
74 |
88 |
78 |
71 |
77 |
µù¡G
1. ¤é¥»¦]¨ü¸Õ¯Ê¥F¤Ö¦~¼Ë¥»¦Ó±q¯Ê¡C
2. ¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡GOffer et al.¡]1988¡^¡A p. 91
µ²ªGÅã¥Ü¡A¤ñ°_¨ä¥L°ê®aªº«C¤Ö¦~¡A¥xÆWªº«C¤Ö¦~¦ü¥G¸û¤£ÃÙ¦¨¡u¥u¬°¤F¦nª±¦Ó¥h¶Ë®`§O¤H¡v¡B¡u¥un¹ï¦Û¤v¦³§Q¡A¤£¦b¥G¦æ¬°¹ï¥L¤Hªº¼vÅT¡v¡A¤]¤ñ¸û¡u¤£Ä@·N©M¨º¨Ç³ßÅw·t½b¶Ë¤Hªº¤H¨Ó©¹¡v¡C¦pªG¥HRokeach¡]1973¡^ªº»ùȤÀÃþ¨Ó¬Ý¡A¥xÆW«C¤Ö¦~¬O¤ñ¸û¤H»Ú¨ú¦V¡A¤]¤ñ¸û¹D¼w¨ú¦Vªº¡C¹ù©u²Mµ¥¤H¥HRokeach»ùȶqªí¬°¤u¨ãªº¬ã¨s¡A¦LÃÒ¤F¦¹¤@±À½×¡C¥L̽լd¥xÆW¦a°Ï14¦Ü16·³«C¤Ö¦~ªº»ùÈÆ[¡Aµo²{´N¥Øªº©Ê»ùȦӨ¥¡A«C¤Ö¦~¸û«µø¡G°ê®aªº¦w¥þ¡B©M¥ªº¥@¬É¡B®a®xªº¦w¥þ¡B¦Û¥Ñ¡B¥µ¥³Õ·R¡A¸û¤£«µøµÎ¾Aªº¥Í¬¡¡B¦¨¼ôªº·R¡B¦hªö¦h«ºªº¥Í¬¡¡BªÀ·|Æg³\¡B¤ßÆF¶W²æ¡F´N¤u¨ã©Ê»ùȦӨ¥¡A¸û«µø¦³§Ó®ð¦³©êt¡B¤ß¯Ý¶}Áï¡B¯u¸Û¡Bt³d¡B²n®Ô´r§Ö¡A¸û¤£«µø´¼¼z¡BªA±q¡B¿Ë·R¡B¦³·Q¹³¤O¡B§¸`¡]¹ù©u²M¡B²Zµo¡B§d©ú²M¡A¥Á72¡^¡C»P¦¹µ²ªGÃþ¦ü¡A·¨°ê¼Ï¡]¥Á77¡^¥H¥xÆWªº¤j¾Ç¥Í¬°¹ï¶H¡AMorriesªº¥Í¬¡¤è¦¡°Ý¨÷¬°¬ã¨s¤u¨ã¡A¥ç±o¨ì¤¤°ê¤j¾Ç¥Íªº¥Í¬¡¤è¦¡¡A¸û¶É¦V§Q¥Lµ{«×°ªªº·O·R«¬¡B¤¤±e«¬¡A¸û±Æ¥¸§Q¥Lµ{«×§Cªº¨É¼Ö«¬¤§µ²ªG¡C
ºî¦X³o¨Ç¬ã¨s¡A¥i¥HÀò±oªì¨Bªºµ²½×¬O¡A´N¾ãÅ骺»ùÈÅܾE¦Ó¨¥¡A«C¤Ö¦~ªº»ùÈÆ[¤ñ¤§¥H©¹¡Aªº½T¦³ÁͦVÓ¤H»ùȪº¶É¦V¡AµM¦Ó¡A¬Û¸û©ó¦¨¤H¡A«C¤Ö¦~«oÁÙ¬O¤ñ¸ûªÀ·|¨ú¦V»P¹D¼w¨ú¦Vªº¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A«C¤Ö¦~»ùÈÆ[ªº±e«U¤Æ¡BÓ¤H¤Æ¡A¤@¤è±¬OªÀ·|ÅܾEªºµ²ªG¡A¤@¤è±¬OªÀ·|¤Æªºµ²ªG¡A¨Ã«D¬Oµo®i¶¥¬q¤Wªº¯S¦³²{¶H¡C
µM¦Ó¡A¤Þ¤H²`«äªº¬O¡A¦pªG¥xÆW«C¤Ö¦~ªº»ùÈÆ[°ò¥»¤W¬O¬Û·í¹D¼w¨ú¦Vªº¡A¤]¤ñ¸û¨ã¦³²z·Q©Ê¡A¬°¤°»ò§Ú̹ï«C¤Ö¦~¤å¤Æªº¾ãÅé¦L¶H«o¬O¶h¼ÖÃP´²¡B½§²Lª¼±q¡B¦Û§Ú¤¤¤ß¡]³¯¹Å©ú¡A¥Á77¡F°ª±jµØ¡A¥Á86¡^¡H¬°¤°»ò«C¤Ö¦~ªº¥Ç¸o²v¦p¦¹©Å¥ØÅå¤ß¡HÅãµM¡A±q«C¤Ö¦~ªº¦æ¬°ª½±µ±À½×«C¤Ö¦~ªº»ùÈÆ[¥X°ÝÃD¡A¥i¯à¥¼§K²¤Æ¤F»ùÈÆ[»P¦æ¬°ªºÃö«Y¡C
¦æ¬°»P»ùÈÆ[ªºÃö«Y
Á|Ó²³æªº¨Ò¤l¡F¤@¦ì¬°ªB¤Í¨â¦Ø´¡¤M¡A¤£±¤¥Ç¤U·m§T¸o¦æªº«C¤Ö¦~¡A°ÝÃD¥X¦b¨º¸Ì¡H¤£¦b¥Lªº»ùÈÆ[¡A¦Ó¬O¦b¹ê½î¦¹ºØ¡uªB¤Í¤§¸q¡vªº»ùȮɡA²z©Êµ{§Ç¤W¥X¤F°ÝÃD¡CElkind¡]1980¡^¬O¦¹¤@Æ[ÂIªº¾ÖÅ@ªÌ¡C¥L»{¬°¡A«C¤Ö¦~ªº®Ö¤ß»ùȬO¦Û´L¡]self-esteem¡^¡A¬°¤Fºû«ù¦Û´L¡A©Î´£°ª§O¤H¹ï¦Û¤v«n©ÊªºªÖ©w¡A±`·|µ¦²¤©Ê¦a¿ï¾Ü¤@¨Ç¤j¤H¬Ý°_¨Ó¬J¤£¦¨¼ô¤S¶û½§²Lªº¦æ¬°¤è¦¡¡C¨Ò¦p¡AÁ¿ªø¹q¸Ü¡AÅý§O¤Hı±o¦Û¤v«Ü¨ü¦P¾«Åwªï¡F¿ï¾Ü¬J»Å¤S¬¯ªºªB¤Í¡AÅý§O¤Hª`·N¨ì¦Û¤v¡F·QºÉ¿ìªk¬ù·|¡A¥HÃÒ©ú¦Û¤v¹ï²§©Êªº¾y¤O¡F¬Æ¦Ü¬G·N¹H³W¡A¥H´£¿ô§O¤H¦Û¤vªº¦s¦b¡Aµ¥µ¥¡C
«C¤Ö¦~¥i¯à°l¨D¡uªÀ·|Æg³\¡v¡B¡u¬üÄRªº¥@¬É¡v¡B¡u¶êº¡ªº·R¡v¡AµM¦Ó¡A¡uÆg³\¡v¡B¡u¬üÄR¡v¡B¡u¶êº¡¡v¨ì©³¦³¤°»ò²[¸q¡H¥]§t¤°»ò¤º®e¡H¬O·N¨ýµÛ§â²{¹êªÀ·|ùتº¤£¦X²z©Î¤£§¹¥þÁô§Ô§]¤U¡A·Å¶¶¦a·ÓµÛªÀ·|¬J©wªº³W½d¨«¥h¡HÁÙ¬O²@¤£§´¨óªº¥¿±¦V¤£¦X²z¡B¤£¤½¥«Å¾Ô¡H³z¹L¤£¦Pªº«ä¦Ò¾úµ{¡A¥i¯à±o¥XºIµM¤£¦Pªºµ²½×¡C¥LÌ¥i¯à»{¦P¡u¦Û§Ú¹ê²{¡v¡A«oµLªk°Ï¿ë¦Û§Ú¹ê²{»PÓ¤H¥D¸q¡F»{¦P¡uµL¨pªº·R¡v¡A«ä¦Ò¤W«o¥u¯à±o¥XÀ£§í¦Û§Ú¡B¦Ê¨Ì¦Ê¶¶ªºµ²½×¡A±q¦Ó¦b¦æ¬°¤W¥X°ÝÃD¡C·Ç¦¹¦Ó½×¡A«C¤Ö¦~ªº¦æ¬°¥X°ÝÃD¡A°£¤F»ùÈÆ[¤§¥~¡A»{ª¾µo®i»P«ä¦Ò¾úµ{ªº¼vÅT¥²µM¤Q¤ÀÃöÁä¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A¦b«ä¦Ò»ùÈÆ[»P¦æ¬°ªºÃö«Y®É¡A§ÚÌ¥²¶·±q
¡i»ùÈ¡j→¡i¦æ¬°¡j
Âà´«¬°
¡i»ùÈ¡j→¡i«ä¦Ò¾úµ{¡j→¡i¦æ¬°¡j
¤§«ä¦Ò¼Ò¦¡
·§©À¤W¡A»ùÈ»P«ä¦Ò¾úµ{¥i¯àªº¤¬°ÊÃö«Y¥i¥HÅã¥Ü¦pªí¤T¡C¤@¯ë¦Ó¨¥¡A¦b¡]1¡^»P¡]3¡^ªº±¡ªp¤U¡A«C¤Ö¦~ªº¦æ¬°¤£·|¥X¤j°ÝÃD¡A·|¥X°ÝÃDªº¥Dn¬O¡]2¡^»P¡]4¡^¡C¨ä¤¤¡A¡]2¡^¬O«ä¦Ò¾úµ{ªº°ÝÃD¡A¡]4¡^«h¬O»ùÈÆ[ªº°ÝÃD¡C¦pªG«ezªº¤@¨Ç¬ã¨sµ²ªG¬O¥i¥H«H¿àªº¡A¤]´N¬O»¡¥xÆW«C¤Ö¦~ªº»ùÈÆ[µL½×¬O¬Û¸û©ó¦¨¤H©Î¦è¤è¦P¾«¡A³£¬O¤ñ¸û¨ã²z·Q©Ê¡A¤]¤ñ¸û¹D¼w¨ú¦V®É¡A¡]2¡^¡u»ùÈ¥¿½T¡A«ä¦Ò¤£¦X²z¡v©Î³\¬O¸ÑŪ¤µ¤Ñ¥xÆW«C¤Ö¦~¤å¤Æªº»{ª¾ÃöÁä¡C
ªí¤T »ùÈ»P«ä¦Ò¾úµ{ªº¤¬°ÊÃö«Y
|
»ùÈ |
¥¿½T |
¤£¥¿½T |
«ä¦Ò
¾úµ{ |
¦X²z |
(1)»ùÈ¥¿½T¡B«ä¦Ò¦X²z |
(3)»ùȤ£¥¿½T¡B«ä¦Ò¦X²z |
¤£¦X²z |
(2)»ùÈ¥¿½T¡B«ä¦Ò¤£¦X²z |
(4)»ùȤ£¥¿½T¡B«ä¦Ò¤£¦X²z |
Kohlberg¦³¦Wªº¹D¼w§PÂ_¬ã¨s¬°¦¹µ²½×´£¨Ñ¤F¦³¤Oªºµù¸Ñ¡CKohlbergªº¬ã¨sÅã¥Ü¡A«C¤Ö¦~ªº¹D¼w§PÂ_¦bµo®i¤W¤ñ¦¨¦~¤H¤£¦¨¼ô¡A¦P®É¡A¥xÆW«C¤Ö¦~¹D¼w§PÂ_ªºµo®i¸¨«á©ó¬ü°ê«C¤Ö¦~¡]Kohlberg, 1969; 1984¡^¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A»ùÈÆ[¸û¶É¦V¹D¼w¨ú¦Vªº«C¤Ö¦~¡A¦b¹D¼w§PÂ_¤W«o¤ñ¥\§Q¨ú¦Vªº¦¨¦~¤H¤£¦¨¼ô¡F¦P¼Ëªº¡A»ùÈÆ[¤ñ¸ûªÀ·|¨ú¦Vªº¥xÆW«C¤Ö¦~¡A¦b¹D¼w§PÂ_¤W¤]¤£¤ñÓ¤H¨ú¦Vªº¦è¤è«C¦~¦¨¼ô¡C¦]¦¹¡A§Ú̦³¥²n¶i¤@¨B±´°Q«C¤Ö¦~¦b¬Û¹ï¦X²zªº»ùÈÆ[°ò¦¤W¡A¬°¤°»ò·|µo®i¥X¬Û¹ï¤£¦X²zªº«ä¦Ò¾úµ{¡A±q¦Ó¦b¦æ¬°¤W¥X°ÝÃD¡H
«C¤Ö¦~®É´Á»ùȨt²Îªº««Ø®É´Á
²z·Q»ùÈ»P¹ê»Ú¹B§@ªº¸¨®t»{ª¾
¹ï«C¤Ö¦~¦Ó¨¥¡A¨àµ£´Á©Ò«Ø¥ßªº¹D¼wÆ[¥H¤Î»ùÈÆ[¡A³£¬O¥Ñ®vªø¡B¤÷¥À¦Õ´£±©Rªº¦æ¬°³W½d¡A°ò¥»¤W³£¬O¤å¤Æ¤¤¡u²z·Qªº¡v»ùÈÆ[¡A¨Ò¦p¡An´L·qªø½ú¡B°µ¤Hn¸Û¹êµ¥¡C¦ý¬OÀHµÛ»{ª¾¯à¤Oªº¼Wªø¡A«C¤Ö¦~©P¾DÀô¹Òº¥ÁͽÆÂø¤Æ¡A¥Í¬¡½d³ò¤]³vº¥ÂX¤j¡A«C¤Ö¦~¶}©l¦³¯à¤Oı¹î¨ì¡A¹ê»Ú¦b¦¨¤HªÀ·|¤¤¹B§@ªº»ùÈÅé¨t¡A»P¥L©Ò±µ¨üªº»ùÈÆ[¤§¶¡¡A¦³µÛ©úÅ㪺®t¶Z¡]Bryan, 1975; Niemczynski & Maciejowska, 1989¡^¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¥L·|µo²{¡A±Ð¾É¥L¤£¥i»¡ÁÀªº¦Ñ®v«o¤½µM°µ°²¡F±Ð¾É¥Ln´L·qªø½úªº¤÷¥À³ºµM»´½°¦Û¤vªºÂù¿Ë¡C¦¨¤Hªº¨¥¦æ¤£¤@»P¦¨¤H¶¡ªº¤£¤@P¨Ï±o«C¤Ö¦~¥²¶·±Á{³\³\¦h¦h»ùÈ»P»ùȶ¡ªº¥Ù¬Þ¡A³W«h»P³W«h¤§¶¡ªº½Ä¬ð¡A¤]¦]¦¹¤£±o¤£¹ï¥H«eªº»ùÈÆ[©Î¹D¼w»{ª¾«·sµû»ù¡B«·sÂç²M¡B«·s©w¦ì¡C±¹ïµÛ³o¼Ë¤@Ó¥Rº¡§x´b»P¥Ù¬Þªº¥@¬É¡A¥Ñ©ó«C¤Ö¦~¹ï¿W¥ß¦Û¥Dªº°l¨D¡A¥H¤Î¦bµo²{»ùȲV²cªº¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¹ï¤÷¥À»P®vªø©Ò²£¥ÍªºÃhºÃ¡A¨Ï±o«C¤Ö¦~¦b×¥¿Âªº»ùÈÆ[¡Aµo®i·sªº»ùÈÅé¨t®É¡A¨Ã¤£Ä@·N±µ¨ü¦¨¤Hª½±µªº¨ó§U©Î«ü¾É¡A¦Ó¹çÄ@¦Û¥Ñ¦a¿ï¾Ü»P¹Á¸Õ¡C
»ùÈÅé¨t««Ø¹Lµ{¤¤ªº«ä¦Ò¯à¤O
«C¤Ö¦~±Á{«·s©w¸q¡B«·s¾ã¦X¦³»ùÈ¡A¥H«Ø¥ß·s»ùÈÅé¨tªº¶¥¬q¡C¥L¥²¶·«·s«ä¦Ò¤°»ò¬O¹ïªº¡A¬°¤°»ò¬O¹ïªº¡F¤°»ò¬O¿ùªº¡A¬°¤°»ò¬O¿ùªº¡C©TµM¡A³o¨Ç°ÝÃDªºµª®×·|¦]¤H¦Ó²§¡AÃöÁä¦b©ó¡A«ä¦Ò¯à¤Oªºµo®iµ{«×·|¼vÅT«ä¦Ò§PÂ_ªºµ²ªG¡]Piaget, 1965¡^¡C¥HKohlbergªº»{ª¾µo®i¶¥¬q¬°¨Ò¡A¤@Ó¦b»{ª¾µo®i¤W©|³B©ó¡u¦¨³W´Á¡v¡]convention level¡^ªº¤H¡A°ò¥»¤W¥u¯à¦b²³¦h²ß«U¡B³W«h¤¤¡A¡u¿ï¾Ü¡v¾A¤Áªº¦æ¬°³W½d¡F¦Ó¦¨³W«á´Á¡]post-conventional level¡^ªº¤H¡A«h¯à¶i¤@¨B«ä¦Ò¬°¤°»ò³o¨Çì«h©Î²ß«U¬O¦nªº¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¦¨³W´Áªº¤Hª¾¹D¡u¦n«Ä¤l¡v¡u¦n¾Ç¥Í¡v¡u¦nªB¤Í¡vªº³W½d¬O¤°»ò¡A¤]«µø³o¨Ç»ùÈ¡A¦ý¬O·í³o¨Ç»ùÈ©¼¦¹½Ä¬ð®É¡A¥L³q±`¥u¯à¿ï¾Ü·í¦Ñ®vn¥L·íªº¡u¦n¾Ç¥Í¡v¡A©ÎªB¤Ín¥L°µªº¡u¦nªB¤Í¡v¡C¦¨³W«á´Áªº¤H¡A«h¯à°÷±q¼á²M¡B©w¸q³o¨Ç»ùÈ¡A«·s¬É©w»ùȪº¦æ¬°³W½d¡C¡u¦n¾Ç¥Í¡vªº©w¸q¤£¬O¹ï¦Ñ®v¨¥Å¥p±q¡A¡u¦nªB¤Í¡vªº©w¸q·íµM¤]¤£·|¬O¹ïªB¤Í¦Ê¨Ì¦Ê¶¶¡C
»{¦P»PÂkÄÝ
¦b«C¤Ö¦~¡u°l´M¿W¥ß¦Û¥D¡vªº¹Lµ{¤¤¡A²æÂ÷¤÷¥À¡B®vªøªººÊºÞ»P«ü´§¡A¬OӤѵMªº¶É¦V¡A¦]¦¹¡A¦P¾«ªº¼vÅT¤O¦ÛµM¨ú±o¤FÃöÁ䪺¦a¦ì¡C¥LÌ©¼¦¹°Ó¶q¡B¤¬¬ÛÆ[¼¯¡B¬Û¤¬¦w¼¢¡B¤ä«ù¡A´X¥G¥i¥H»¡¬O±j¤jÀ£¤O¤U³Ì«nªº¤ä¼µ¤O¶q¡C¥i¥H·Q¨£ªº¡A«C¤Ö¦~©Ò»{¦Pªº¦P¾«¹ÎÅ骺»ùÈÆ[»P¥@¬ÉÆ[¡A¥²µM¦b¥L««Ø»ùÈÅé¨tªº¹Lµ{¤¤¼vÅT«¤j¡C
µM¦Ó¡A¤÷¥À³vº¥¥¢¥h±j¶Õ¼vÅT¦a¦ìªºì¦]¥Dn¬O«C¤Ö¦~¦]À³µo®i½ÒÃDªº¨¤¦â½Õ¾ã¡A¨Ã«D¦b·P±¡¤WµLªk»{¦P¤÷¥À¡]Seltzer, 1989, p. 35¡^¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A»P¤÷¥ÀÃö«Yªº±K¤Á©Ê¡A¥i¯à¬O«C¤Ö¦~¦bµo®i¿W¥ß¦Û§Ú¤Wªº·NÃÑ©Ê»Ùê¡A¦]¦¹«C¤Ö¦~¬°¤F´î§C¦Û¤v¹ï¤÷¥À·N¨£ªº¨Ì¿àµ{«×¡A«K¦³·NÃѦa°kÁרӦۤ÷¥Àªº¼vÅT¡A¦ý¬O¦b·P±¡¤W¡A¤j¦h¼Æ«C¤Ö¦~¤´µM»{¦P¤÷¥À¬O³Ì·R¦Û¤v¡B³Ìȱo«H¿àªº¤H¡C°£¤F¤÷¥À¤§¥~¡A«C¤Ö¦~©Ò±µÄ²ªº¦¨¤H¥@¬É¡A¤]¶V¨Ó¶V¦h¼Ë¤Æ¡A¨Ò¦p¡G¥S©j¡Bªø½ú¡B¦Ñ®v¡B¤½²³¤Hª«¡A©ÎªÀ¹Î»â¾ÉªÌµ¥¡A¥L̦b«C¤Ö¦~ªº¤ß¥Ø¤¤¡A¤£¦A¬O¦p¹L¥h¨àµ£´Á©Ò»{ÃѪº¡u¦~¬ö¤ñ§Ú¤jªº¤H¡v¦Ó¤w¡A¥L̳£¦]¥NªíµÛ¬YºØ»ùȸê°TªººÞ¹D¦Ó¨ü¨ì«µø¡C³o¨Ç¤÷¥À¥H¥~ªº¦¨¤H¤]³£¥i¯à¦¨¬°«C¤Ö¦~ªº°Ó½Í¹ï¶H¤Î¦æ¬°·¢¼Ò¡A´£¨Ñ¥i¨Ñ»{¦Pªº»ùÈÆ[¡C
Á`¦Ó¨¥¤§¡A¹ï¯¸¦bµo®iªº¤À¤ôÀ¤W¡A±´°Q¡u§Ú¬O½Ö¡H¡v¦¹¤@»{¦P°ÝÃDªº«C¤Ö¦~¦Ó¨¥¡A¤j·§¤w¸g¤£®h©ó·í¡u¦n«Ä¤l¡v¡AµM¦Ó¡u¦n¾Ç¥Í¡v¡B¡u¦nªB¤Í¡vªº©w¸q«h©|«Ý«·s¬É©w¡C¦ý¬É©wÅv¬J¤£¦b¤÷¥À¡A¤]¤£¦bªB¤Í¡A¦Ó¬O«Ø¥ß¦b¥L©Ò»{¦Pªº¹ÎÅé»PÓ¤Hªº¤å¤Æ«¬ºA¤W¡]Staub, 1989¡^¡A³Q»{¦Pªº¤H©Î¹ÎÅ饲µM¨ã¦³¸û¤jªº¼vÅT¤O¡CÄ´¦p»¡¡A»{¦P¤÷¥Àªº«Ä¤l¤ñ¸û¤£·|»{¬°¡u¦nªB¤Í¡vªº©w¸q¥]¬AÄ@·N¬°ªB¤Í¦ÓÅý¤÷¥À¶Ë¤ß¡C
»ùÈÆ[ªº§Î¦¨¼vÅT¤Oªº©Ô¿÷µ²ªG
ºî¦X¥H¤Wªº¤ÀªR¡A§ÚÌ¥i¥HÂk¯Ç¥X«C¤Ö¦~»ùÈÅé¨t§Î¦¨¹Lµ{¸Ì¡A´XÓÃöÁ䪺¼vÅT¦]¯À¡C³o¨Ç¦]¯À¦b»ùÈÆ[ªº§Î¦¨¹Lµ{¸Ì¡A©¼¦¹¨¤¤O¡A¤¬¬ÛÄvª§¼vÅT¤O¡G
¡]1¡^ ¦´Á«Ø¥ßªº»ùÈÆ[¡G«C¤Ö¦~ªº»ùÈÆ[¨Ã«DµL¤¤¥Í¦³¡A¥¦ªºµo®i°ò¦¬O¦b¨àµ£´Á©Î§ó¦´Á¡A³z¹L¤j¤Hªº±Ð¾É»P¦P¾«ªº¤¬°Ê¸gÅç©Ò§Î¦¨ªº¡CµL½×¬O¤j¤Hªº±Ð¾É©Î¾Ç®Õ±Ð¨|¡A¦¨¤H½Î½Î±Ð»£³\¦h¥]¬A¸Û¹ê¡B¶êº¡¡BµL¨pµ¥ªÀ·|©Ò´Á³\ªº»ùÈ¡C¥t¤@¤è±¡A³z¹LµL§Îªº¨±Ð»P¤¬°Ê¸gÅç¡A¨àµ£¤]³vº¥§Î¦¨¤@®M¬Ý«Ý©P¾D¨Æª«ªº²´¥ú¡A¨Ò¦p¡A¡u³o¥@¬É¦³µL³W«h¥i´`¡H¡v¡B¡u¤H»ÚÃö«Y¬O§_Åܤ۵L±`¡H¡v¡u³o¥@¬É¦³µLµ´¹ïªº¯u²z¡H¡vµ¥¯À¾ë¤ß²z¾Çªº°ÝÃD»Pµª®×¡]³¯¿P¬Â¡A¥Á88¡^¡C³o¨Ç»ùÈ»P¥@¬ÉÆ[¦ÛµM·|¦¨¬°«C¤Ö¦~ÁÚ¦V¥t¤@Óµo®i¶¥¬qªº°_ÂI¡C
¡]2¡^ »{¦Pªº¹ÎÅé»PÓ¤H¡G«C¤Ö¦~¬O¤@Ó´M¨D¦Û§Ú»{¦Pªº®É´Á¡A¦]¦¹¡A¥L¦p¦ó©w¦ì¦Û¤v¡A«K¼vÅT¥L¹ï¯S©w¹ÎÅ骺»{¦P¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¤@Ó¦b¾Ç®Õ¤¤¦]¬°¥\½Ò¸ò¤£¤W¦Ó¹¡¨üª[µøªº¾Ç¥Í¡A¥L·|»{¬°¡u¾Ç®Õ¤£¬O¬°§Ú¦s¦bªº¡v¡A¡u§Ú¨Ó¤£¨Ó¤W½Ò¡A¾Ç®Õ¤@ÂI³£¤£¦b¥G¡v¡A¤ÏˬO¥~±ªº¹ÎÅé¡u§Ú¤@¤Ñ¤£¥h¡A¥LÌ°¨¤W§ä§Ú¡v¡]ªL¤å·ë¡B¤ý¾_ªZ¡B¶À´I·½¡A¥Á88¡^¡C»{¦P¦Û¤v¬O¹ÎÅ餤ªº¦¨û¡A¦ÛµM·|»{¦P³o¹ÎÅé©Ò«µøªº»ùÈ¡A¿í¦u³o¹ÎÅ骺¦æ¬°³W½d¡C«C¤Ö¦~´Á«Å|¤F¦Û§Ú»{¦P»P»ùÈ««Øªº¹Lµ{¡A¤]¦]¦¹«C¤Ö¦~©Ò»{¦Pªº¹ï¶H¦ÛµM·|¹ï«C¤Ö¦~ªº»ùÈÆ[²£¥Í²`»·ªº¼vÅT¡]³¢¿P¦p¡A¥Á76¡^¡C
¡]3¡^ ªÀ·|¤H»Úºô¸ô¡G«C¤Ö¦~ªºªÀ·|¤H»Úºô¸ô¨M©w¤F¥L·|¹J¨ì¤°»ò¼Ëªº¤H¡A±µÄ²¤°»ò¼Ëªº·Qªk¡A¬Ý¨ì¤°»ò¼Ëªº¦æ¬°¼Ò¦¡¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¦³¡u¤£¨}¡vªB¤Íªº«C¤Ö¦~¡A·|¸û¦³¾÷·|±µÄ²¡u¤£¨}¡vªº¦æ¬°¼Ò¦¡¡C¦ý¬O¦pªG¥L¤]»P¨ä¥L«¬ªºªB¤Í¥æ©¹¡A«K¯à°÷±µÄ²»P¡u¤£¨}¡v¦æ¬°¬Û«ú§Üªº·Qªk¡A¦b¦æ¬°§PÂ_¤W²£¥Í½ÄÀ»»P©Ô¤O¡C¦P¼Ëªº¡AªÀ°Ï¡B®a®x»E·|¡B½Ò¥~¬¡°Ê¡B¹B°Ê¶Ý¦n¡A³£·|´£¨Ñ¤£¦Pªº¤H»Úºô¸ô¡A¤£¦Pªº¸gÅç¾÷·|¡]³¯²Q´ð¡A¥Á87¡^¡C
¡]4¡^ Ó¤Hªº«ä¦Ò¯à¤O¡G»ùÈÆ[¯A¤Îªº¬O°ò¥»õ¾Çªº«ä¦Ò¡A»ÝnÅÞ¿è±À²z¡A§ó»Ýn»ùȼá²M¡]Duska & Whelan, 1975¡^¡C¦]¦¹«C¤Ö¦~¯à§_¹îı»ùȽĬð¡A¯à§_¸Ñ¨M½Ä¬ð¡A¯à§_¥H¦Û¤vªº®Ö¤ß»ùȬ°°ò¦¡A¼fµø¨Mµ¦ªº¦X²z©Ê¡AºÝ¿à¦X²zªº«ä¦Ò¤è¦¡»P¦¨¼ôªºªº±À²z¯à¤O¡C¦pªG§Ú̱ЫC¤Ö¦~n¬Ã±¤¤Í½Ë¡Aµ²ªG«o¬Ý¨ì¥L̤£±¤¬°ªB¤Í§¤¨c¡F±Ð«C¤Ö¦~n§µ¶¶¤÷¥À¡A«oÅý¥LÌÀ£§í¦Û§Ú¡B©e¦±¨D¥þ¡F±Ð«C¤Ö¦~«i©óªí²{¦Û§Ú¡A«oµo²{¥L̦ۧڿ±µÈ¡B¦Û¨p¦Û§Q¡C¨º»ò¡A«C¤Ö¦~¤í¯ÊªºÅãµM¤£¬O»ùȪº¤Þ¾É¡A¦Ó¬O»ùȪº±À½×µ{§Ç¡C¹ê½î©â¶Hªº»ùÈ¡A»Ýn¥R¤À¼á²M»ùȦb¤£¦P±¡¹Ò¤¤ªº¥i¯à±»ª¡A§ó»ÝnÂç²M»ùȶ¡ªº¬Û¹ïÃö«Y¡A«ä¦Ò¯à¤O¦ÛµM¤Q¤ÀÃöÁä¡C
Á`¦Ó¨¥¤§¡A«C¤Ö¦~»ùȨt²Îªº«Ø¥ß¬O¥H¡]1¡^즳ªº»ùȨt²Î¬°°ò¦¡A±¹ï¡]2¡^Àô¹Ò¤¤·s¨ë¿Eªº¬D¾Ô¡A»P¤éÁͦ¨¼ôªº¡]3¡^¤º¦b«ä¦Ò¯à¤O¤§ÀËÅç¡A³Ì²×©Ò¹F¦¨ªº¥¿Åµ²ªG¡C
»ùȪº°ÝÃDÁÙ¬O«ä¦Òªº°ÝÃDµ²»y
µo®iªº¨¤«×¬Ý«C¤Ö¦~®É´Áªº»ùÈÆ[¡Aªº½T¬O»ùȼá²M»P»ùÈ««ØªºÃöÁä®É´Á¡C¦b³o¤@®É´Á¡Aì¥ý«Ø¥ßªºÂ»ùȨt²Î¤£¶È±¹ï¥~¨ÓÀô¹Òªº¬D¾Ô¡A¤]±¹ï³vº¥¦¨¼ô«ä¦ÒªºÀËÅç¡CÀô¹Ò¬OÅܰʪº¡A«ä¦Ò¯à¤O¬Oµo®iªº¡A§Ú̦pªG·Q¹ï«C¤Ö¦~ªº»ùȨt²Î¦³©Ò¼vÅT¡A«h¥²¶·¥H³o¨âªÌ¬°¥DnªºµÛ¤OÂI¡C¦bÀô¹Ò¤W¬°«C¤Ö¦~´£¨Ñ§ó¥¿¦V¡B§ó¦h¤¸ªº»ùȨå½d¡A¦b«ä¦Ò¤W«h¥²¶·¥H§ó¼e®e¡B¦Û¥Ñªº±Ð¨|ªÅ¶¡¬°°ò¦¡A´£¨Ñ«C¤Ö¦~¼á²M»ùÈ¡B«ä¿ë¹D¼w§x¹Òªº¾÷·|¡A¨Ã°ö¾i¥LÌ¿W¥ß«ä¦Òªº¯à¤O»P¦¨¼ôªº¹D¼w§PÂ_¯à¤O¡C¥H¤U¬OÁ`µ²¥»½g½×zªº¨âÓ´£¿ô¡G
¤@¡B ³B²z«C¤Ö¦~ªº»ùÈÆ[°ÝÃD¡A¤£¯à¥u¨Ì¿à»²¾É¤â¬q¡A¦Ó¬O¥²¶·±q¡u»{¦P¡v»P¡u«ä¦Ò¡vªº¨¤«×¥[¥HÂç²M¡A¤~¯à·¹¥»²M·½¡A§ä¨ì¥X¸ô¡C
°Q½×«C¤Ö¦~»ùÈÆ[ªº°ÝÃD®É¡A¥²»Ý§Ë²M·¡¨s³º¬O»ùȪº°ÝÃD¡AÁÙ¬O«ä¦Ò¤Wªº°ÝÃD¡C¦pªG¬O»ùȪº°ÝÃD¡A¨ä¨Ó·½«Ü¥i¯à¬O·sªº»{¦P¹ÎÅé©Î°Ñ·Ó¹ÎÅé¡A³o®ÉÔ¯à»P¨äÄvª§¼vÅT¤Oªº¡A°ß¦³»{¦P¹ÎÅ骺ÂX¤j¤Æ¡B¦h¤¸¤Æ¡A¥H¤Î«ä¦Ò¯à¤Oªº´£°ª¡C
»{¦P¹ÎÅ骺¦h¤¸¤Æ¨Ã¤£¬O¥ú¾a¥Í¬¡¸gÅ窺©Ý®i´N¯à¹F¦¨¡A¥DnÁÙ¬O¦b¸gÅ窺«~½è¡C¤@Ó¦b¥ô¦óªÀ¹Î³£¤£¨ü«µø¡A¹¡¨ü®À§éªº«C¤Ö¦~¡A¨Ã¤£¥i¯à³z¹L¦h°Ñ¥[ªÀ¹Î¦Ó¼W¥[¦Û§Ú»{¦P¡A§ó¤£¥i¯à¤º¤Æ³o¨Ç¹ÎÅ骺»ùÈÆ[¡C¦ý¬O¤Ï¹L¨Ó»¡¡A¦pªG«C¤Ö¦~¯à¦b¼e®e¡B¦Û¥Ñ¡B§Ö¼Öªº±¡¹Ò¤¤¡A±µÄ²¦h¼Ë¤Æªº¹ÎÅé¡A«K¯à¦b¯u¹êªº±¡¹ÒùØ¡A±q¦h¤¸»ùȪº±´¯Á¤¤¡AÀò±o¯u¥¿ªº¦Û§Ú»{¦P¡C
¾Ç®Õ¬O«C¤Ö¦~¥Dnªº¥Í¬¡³õ°ì¡A¾Ç®Õ¤]¥¿¬O§ÚÌ¿à¥H¶Ç©Ó¬ü¦n¹D¼w¡B¤å¤ÆºëÅ誺¦a¤è¡A¥un«C¤Ö¦~¯à»{¦P¾Ç®Õ¡A¥L©Ò¤º¤Æªº¾Ç®Õ»ùÈ«K¯à°÷¦¨¬°¹ï§Ü¥~¨Ó¤£¨}¼vÅTªº¬ÞµP¡C¦ý¬O¡A¤Ï¹L¨Ó»¡¡A«C¤Ö¦~¦pªG¤£¯à»{¦P¾Ç®Õ¡B¦Ñ®v¡A©Î¦P¾Ç¡A·íµM´N¼çÂõ۫C¤Ö¦~»{¦P¾Ç®Õ¥H¥~ªº¹ÎÅ骺¦M¾÷¡C±q³oÓ¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¤µ¤Ñªº±Ð¨|¡A«K·|ª¾¹D§ÚÌÄ~ÄòÅý¾Ç®Õ¦b¤É¾ÇÀ£¤O¤U¡A¶i¦æ¤À¼Æ¦Ü¤Wªº¶ñÀn±Ð¨|¡A¥¢¥hªº±N¤£¶È¬O¾Ç¥Íªº¯º®e¡A¤]·|¥¢¥h¾Ç¥Í¹ï¾Ç®Õªº»{¦P¡A¤D¦Ü©ó¾Ç®Õ¹ï¾Ç¥Íªº¹ê½è¼vÅT¤O¡C
¨ä¦¸¡A«C¤Ö¦~ªº«ä¦Ò¯à¤O©|¥¼¦¨¼ô¡A§PÂ_¯à¤O¤´¦bµo®i¡A¦]¦¹¡A³\¦hªí±¬Ý¨Ó¹³¬O»ùÈÆ[ªº°ÝÃD¡A¨ä¹ê¬O«ä¦Ò¤Óµu¸ô¡A§PÂ_¤Ó²ÊÁWªº½t¬G¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¦³¤£¤Ö«C¤Ö¦~¬°¤Fªí²{¥[¤J¹ÎÅ骺¡u¸Û·N¡v¡A³ºµM¡u·Ó³W¯x¡v¨ì¶W°Ó°½ªF¦è¡C¦A¨Ò¦p¡A³\¦h¤Ö¤k¸T¤£°_¹ï¤è»¡¡G¡u·R§Ú´N¤£n¦³«O¯d¡C¡v»´©ö»P²§©Êµo¥Í¿Ë±K¦æ¬°¡C¥LÌ¥i¯à»{¦P°½ÅѬO¤£¹ïªº¡A¥i¯à¤F¸Ñ·P±¡»P¿Ë±K¦æ¬°ªº®t§O¡A¦ý¬O·í¥ḺÁ{¨âÃøªº±¡¹Ò¡A«o±`¤£§Kn±o¨ì¤£¦X²zªº¯ó²vµ²½×¡C¦]¦¹¡A«nªº¤£¬Oµ¹¤©±Ð±ø¦¡ªº¡u¸Û¹êªº¬ü¼w¡v¡u¦Û§Ú§J¨îªº¬ü¼w¡v¡A¦Ó¬OnÅý«C¤Ö¦~¯à°÷«ä¦Ò¡u©w¤U³o±ø³W¯xªº¹ÎÅé¬O¤°»ò¼Ëªº¹ÎÅé¡H¬°¤°»ò·|©w¤U³oºØ³W¯x¡H¡v¡A¯à°÷²M·¡¡u·Rªº¤è¦¡¦³þ¨Ç¡Hn¨D¹ï¤è²@µL«O¯dªº·Rªº¤H¡A¬O¥H¤°»ò¼Ëªº¤è¦¡¦b·R¤H¡H¡v
«ä¦Ò¯à¤Oªº°ö¾i·íµM¤£¬O¤@´Â¤@¤i©Ò¯à¹F¦¨¡A¨t²Î©ÊÅÞ¿è±À²z¯à¤Oªº°V½m¸ÛµM¬O¥²nªº¡A¦ý¬O§ó«nªº¤]³\¬O±a»â«C¤Ö¦~¤ÏÂЧ@¹D¼w§x¹Òªº±À²zºt½m¡A¥R¹ê¥L̦b°µ¹D¼w±À½×®É©Ò¨Ì¿àªº¬ÛÃöª¾ÃÑ¡A¥H§K¥L̦b»`´M¥i¥Îªº°ÝÃD¸Ñ¨Mµ¦²¤®É¡AÁ`¬O®»Ą̃£¨y¡A²@µL°j±ÛªºªÅ¶¡¡C
¤G¡B ¦æ¬°¨Ã¤£ª½±µ¤Ï¬M»ùÈÆ[¡A¦Ó¬O¤Ï¬M¥H»ùÈÆ[¬°«e´£ªº«ä¦Ò¾úµ{¡C¦]¦¹¥H¦æ¬°¨Ó¼ÐÅÒ«C¤Ö¦~¡A¥u·|À£ÁY³o¨Ç«C¤Ö¦~¦bªÀ·|¤¤ªº¥Í¦sªÅ¶¡¡AÅý«C¤Ö¦~µLªk»{¦PªÀ·|¡A¨Ï°ÝÃD§ó´c¤Æ¡C
Á`¤§¡A³o¬O¤@Ó«æÁØÅÜ°Ê¡B»ùȦh¤¸ªºªÀ·|¡A¤µ¤Ñªº«C¤Ö¦~¨³Bªº¥@¬É¤ñ¥ô¦ó¤@Ó¦~¥Nªº¤H³£½ÆÂø¡C¥Ñ©ó¬ì§Þªº¤¶¤J¥Í¬¡»P¥Í²£¡A¨î«×ªº«Ø¥ß»P»ø¤Æ¡AÓ¤Hªº¿W¯S©Ê»P¤£¥i¨ú¥N©Ê³vº¥ª{¥¢¡A¤]¨Ï±o«C¤Ö¦~¦b¥Í¬¡·N¸qªº»{¦P»P¦Û§Ú»ùȪºªÖ©w¤W¡A§ó¨£§xÃø¡CµM¦Ó¡A¦b³o¼Ëªº®É¥N¸Ì¡A¦pªG§Ṳ́£«·s¤Á¹ê¤Ï¬Ù§Ú̵¹¤F¤U¤@¥N¤°»ò¼ËªºÀô¹Ò¡A¤°»ò¼Ëªº±Ð¨|¡A§Ú̦³¤°»ò¸ê®æ¨Ó½×Â_»P´n¹Ä²{¥N¦~»´¤H¡u»ùÈÆ[°¾»á¡v¡H²¦³º¡A§Ú̦p¦ó´Á«Ý¡u³g°ý¤§®q¡v¥X²{¥H¹D¼w¦Û³\ªº¤U¤@¥N¡H¦p¦ó´Á«Ý¥H¡u¤É¾Ç¡vÀ£ÁY«ä¦ÒªÅ¶¡ªº¾Ç®Õ¡A°ö¾i¥X°ªÂ¤»·Æfªº«C¦~¤H¡H±¿¤ß¦Û¬Ù¡A§ÚÌ´Á«Ý«C¤Ö¦~»ùȯ¥¿¡A«oµ¹¤F¥L̤°»ò¼ËªºªÀ·|¥Ü½d¡B¤°»ò¼Ëªº´CÅé±Ð¨|¡]¿½¨|¯Â¡A¥Á87¡F½²¦{©z¡A¥Á87¡^¡H§ÚÌ´Á«Ý«C¤Ö¦~¦¨¬°¿W¥ß¦Û¥Dªº¤H¡A¤Sµ¹¤F¥LÌ¿W¥ß«ä¦ÒªºªÅ¶¡¶Ü¡H¦b±Ð¨|¹Lµ{¸Ì¡A§ÚÌ´¿¸g§V¤OÀ°§U¥L̼á²M»ùÈ¡Aµo²{»ùÈ¡A¥H¤Î§PÂ_»ùȶܡH
°Ñ¦Ò¤åÄm
¤é¥»Á`°ÈÆU«C¤Ö¦~¹ïµ¦¥»³¡¡]1987¡^¡A²{¥N«C¦~¥Í¬¡»ùÈÆ[»P²{¥N«C¦~¥Í¬¡§Ó¦V¬ã¨s½Õ¬d³ø§i®Ñ¡C¤é¥»¤jÂì١C
¤é¥»Á`°ÈÆU«C¤Ö¦~¹ïµ¦¥»³¡¡]1989¡^¡A¥@¬É«C¦~·NÃѽլd³ø§i®Ñ¡C¤é¥»¤jÂì١C
¦æ¬F°|«C»²·|¡]¥Á85¡^¡A«C¤Ö¦~¥Õ¥Ö®Ñ¡C¥x¥_¡G¦æ¬F°|«C»²·|¡C
§f¥ÁÂ{¡]¥Á79¡^¡A«C¤Ö¦~ªÀ·|°Ñ»P¤ÎªÀ·|¾AÀ³¡C¥x¥_¡G¥¨¬y¡C
¨L¼iºû¡]¥Á70¡^¡A¥x¥_¥«°ê¥Á¤¤¾Ç¾Ç¥Í»ùÈÆ[©À¤Î¨ä¹ï¾Ç®Õ²¨Â÷¶É¦VªºÃö«Y¡C°ê¥ß¥xÆW®v½d¤j¾Ç±Ð¨|¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
§d©ú²M¡]¥Á72¡^¡A§Ú°ê«C¤Ö¦~»ùÈÆ[©À¤Î¨ä¬ÛÃö¦]¯À¡C°ê¥ß¥xÆW®v½d¤j¾Ç±Ð¨|¬ã¨s©Ò³Õ¤h½×¤å¡C
ªL¤å·ë¡B¤ý¾_ªZ¡B¶À´I·½¡]¥Á88¡^¡A«C¤Ö¦~¥Ç¸o¾úµ{ªº±´°Q¢w¢w¾Ç®Õ¦]¯À¡C¤¤¥¡¬ã¨s°|ªÀ·|°ÝÃD¬ã¨s±À°Ê©eû·|º[¤¤¥¡¬ã¨s°|ªÀ·|¾Ç¬ã¨s©Ò¥D¿ì¡C¡u¥xÆWªÀ·|°ÝÃD¬ã¨s¡v¾Ç³N¬ã°Q·|¡A³¢¿P¦p¡]¥Á76¡^¡A¤÷¥ÀºÞ±ÐºA«×«C¤Ö¦~¦Û§Ú»{¦P»P»ùȨú¦Vªº¼vÅT¡C¤¤°ê¤å¤Æ¤j¾Ç®a¬F¾Ç¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
³¯¿P¬Â¡]¥Á88¡^¡A©v±Ð«H¥õ¡B»ùÈ«H©À»P¤H»Ú½Ä¬ð¦]À³¦æ¬°ªºÃö«Y¡C¬Fªv¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¾Ç¨tºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
³¯²Q´ð¡]¥Á87¡^¡A«C¤Ö¦~¥ð¶¢¥Í¬¡»P°¾®t¦æ¬°¤§¬ÛÃö¬ã¨s¡G¥ð¶¢¦P¾«Ãö«Y¡B¥ð¶¢¬¡°Ê¿ï¾Ü»P¥ð¶¢µL²á·P¤§«¬ºA¤ÀªR¡CÀR©y¤j¾Ç«C¤Ö¦~¨àµ£ºÖ§Q¾Ç¨tºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
³¯¹Å©ú½sĶ¡]¥Á77¡^¡A°ª¤¤¥Íªº¦¨ªø»P¥Í¬¡»²¾É¡C¥x¥_¡G¯q¸s¡C
°ª±jµØ½s¡]¥Á86¡^¡AÃöÃh·s·s¤HÃþ«D§¹¥þ»²¾É»P±Ð¨|±M¿è¡C°ê¥ß¥xÆW®v½d¤j¾Ç¦a¤è±Ð¨|»²¾ÉÂO®Ñ¤§¤T¡C
·¨¦Û±j¡]¥Á74¡^¡A°ê¤¤¥Í»ùÈÆ[©À»P¤÷¥À±Ð¾i¤è¦¡Ãö«Y¤§¬ã¨s¡C°ê¥ß¥xÆW®v½d¤j¾Ç±Ð¨|¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
·¨°ê¼Ï¡]¥Á77¡^¡A¤¤°ê¤j¾Ç¥Íªº¤H¥ÍÆ[¡C¨£§õ¥ç¶é¡B·¨°ê¼Ï½s¡G¤¤°ê¤Hªº©Ê®æ¡A269-315¶¡C¥x¥_¡G®Û«a¹Ï®Ñ¡C
¹ù©u²M¡B²Zµo¡B§d©ú²M¡]¥Á72¡^¡A§Ú°ê«C¤Ö¦~»ùÈÆ[©À¤Î¨ä¦]¯À¡C¥x¥_¡G±Ð¨|³¡±Ð¨|pµe¤p²Õ¬ã¨s³ø§i¡C
½²¦{©z¡]¥Á87¡^¡A¥x¥_¥«°ê¤p¤¤°ª¦~¯Å¾Ç¥Íº©µe¤Hª«»{¦P¤§¬ã¨s¡C¥x¥_¥«¥ß®v½d¾Ç°|°ê¥Á±Ð¨|¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
¿½¨|¯Â¡]¥Á87¡^¡A«C¤Ö¦~¹qµøÆ[¬Ý¾úµ{¤§±´°Q¡C¥xÆW®v½d¤j¾ÇªÀ·|±Ð¨|¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C
Bryan, J.H. (1975). “You will be well advised to watch what we do instead of what we say”. In David J. DePalma and Jeanne M. Foley (Eds.), Moral development: Current theory and research (pp. 95-111). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Duska, R., & Whelan, M. (1975). Moral development: A guide to Piaget and Kohlberg. New York: Paulist Press.-
Hall, G.S. (1893). The contents of children’s minds on entering school. Pedagogical Seminary, 1, 139-173.
Harter, S., & Monsour, A. (1992). Developmental analysis of conflict caused by opposing attributes in the adolescent self-portrait. Developmental Psychology, 28, 251-260.
Hogan, H. W. & Mookherjee, H. N.¡]1981¡^. Values and selected antecedents. The Journal of Social Psychology, 113¡]1¡^, 29-35¡C
Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of Socialization (pp.347-480). New York: Rand McNally.
Kohlberg, L.¡]1984¡^. The psychology of moral development. San Francisco¡GHarper & Row¡C
Morris, C. ¡]1956¡^. Varieties of Human Values. Chicago¡GUniversity of Chicago Press.
Niemczynski, A. & Maciejowska, A.¡]1989¡^. Contextual relativism of moral judgement in late childhood and early adolescence. In N. Eisenberg, J., Reykowski & E. Staub ¡]Eds.¡^Social and moral values¡GIndividual and societal perspectives ¡]pp. 105-115¡^. New jersey¡GLawrence Erlbaum.
Offer, D., Ostron, E., Howard, K. I. & Atkinson, R. ¡]1988¡^. The teenage world¡GAdolescents' self-image in ten countries. New York¡GPlenum¡C
Piaget, J. (1965). The moral judgement of the child. New York: Free Press.
Rokeach, M.¡]1973¡^. The nature of human value. New York¡GFree Press.
Rokeach, M.¡]1979¡^. Understanding human value. New York¡GFree Press.
Seltzer, V. C.¡]1989¡^. The psychological worlds of the adolescent¡GPublic and private. New York¡GJohn Wiley & Sons.
Spranger, E.¡]1930¡^. Lebensformen. Max Niemeyer Verlage. [¥ì¶Õ¥ÐÄ£¤lĶ¡]1961¡^¡A¤å¤Æ--©Ê®æ--½ÑÃþ«¬ I . II ¡C©úªv¹Ï®Ñ¡C]
Staub, E. (1989). Individual and societal (group) values in a motivational perspective and their role in benevolence and harmdoing. In N. Eisenberg, J., Reykowski & E. Staub ¡]Eds.¡^Social and moral values¡GIndividual and societal perspectives ¡]pp. 45-61¡^. New jersey¡GLawrence Erlbaum.
Turiel, E.¡]1974¡^. Conflict and transition in adolescent moral development. Child Development, 45, 14-29.
Turiel, E.¡]1977¡^. Conflict and transition in adolescent moral development. Child Development II ¡GThe Resolution of disequilibrium through structural reorganization. Child Development, 48, 634-637¡C
Walker, L. J.¡]1980¡^. Cognitive and perspective taking prerequisites for moral development. Child Development, 51, 131-140.
Walker, L. & Richards, B. S. ¡]1979¡^. Stimulating transitions in moral reasoning as a function of cognitive development. Developmental Psychology, 15, 95-103.
The Development of Adolescents’ Values: Problems of Value or Problems of Thinking
Wen-ying Lin
Department of Psychology
Fu-Jen Catholic University
We have usually attempted to probe the possible antecedents of adolescents’ problems in value system. As a result, we stress the connections between value and behavior. However, according to literature review, adolescents are actually more social-oriented, altruistic, and idealistic than adults. Therefore, there is apparently a buffer agent between value and behavior. The author suggested that characteristics of adolescence period as well as cognitive development both contribute to inadequate expression of adequate value. Adolescence is a period in life forming identity and autonomy within the context of social interaction. Under this salient developmental task, either the structural deficit or the functional limitations of operational thought could lead to dramatic conclusion. A possible alternative to interpret the tantrum of adolescents as the outcome of misguided reasoning rather than distorted value is thus postulated.
Key words: adolescent, value, thinking process |