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動物行為調控軟體分析系統(史金納箱)

佛光電子報-動物行為調控軟體分析系統(史金納箱)
 
 
 動物行為調控軟體分析系統(史金納箱)

 
 
  動物行為調控軟體分析系統(又稱為操作型制約箱或史金納箱)屬於實驗器材。這類的實驗器材是用來研究動物的制約性學習行為,藉由動物行為研究的結果,來推論人類是如何獲得學習與記憶。其中最常用的動物又以大白鼠為主要受試者。實驗過程中通常有一個可以讓受試者操作的器材(例如桿子),讓受試者得以透過壓桿子的行為來獲得酬償物(例如食物、水或性配偶),而壓桿子的次數會被電腦記錄下來,以方便我們作研究分析。
  並且我們可以藉由電腦來調控燈光、聲音、給予酬償物、電刺激等各種型態。近期此類行為箱,也應用在大腦的研究方面。希望透過對大鼠特定腦區域的刺激或是破壞,來觀察動物壓桿子獲得酬償物之行為反應的改變,來瞭解人類在學習與記憶的過程中,是透過哪些大腦核區的機制,來習得制約性學習行為。這方面的研究成果,對於人類瞭解學習記憶的形成抑或是記憶的消退,都有實質上的貢獻。
 
Skinner Box Manual in English Version
   An operant conditioning chamber (usually Skinner box) is a laboratory apparatus used in experimental psychology to study animal behavior. The Skinner box is named after its inventor, the behaviorist B. F. Skinner, who created the device while a graduate student at Harvard University around 1930. They are used to study both classical conditioning (especially autoshaping) and operant conditioning.
   The structure forming the shell of a chamber is a box large enough to easily accommodate the organism being used as a subject. (Common model organisms used include rodents—usually lab rats—pigeons, and primates).
   Skinner boxes have at least one operandum (or "manipulandum") that can automatically detect the occurrence of a behavioral response or action. Typical operanda for primates and rats are response levers; if the subject presses the lever, the opposite end moves and closes a switch that is monitored by a computer or other programmed device. Typical operanda for pigeons and other birds are response keys with a switch that closes if the bird pecks at the key with sufficient force. The other minimal requirement of a conditioning chamber is that it have a means of delivering a primary reinforcer or unconditioned stimulus like food (usually pellets) or water.
   With such a simple configuration, one operandum and one feeder, it is possible to investigate many psychological phenomena. Modern Skinner boxes typically have many operanda, like many response levers, two or more feeders, and a variety of devices capable of generating many stimuli, including lights, sounds, music, figures, and drawings.
   Skinner boxes can also have electrified nets so that electrical charges can be given to the animals; or lights of different colors that give information about when the food is available.
   Slot machines and online games are frequently cited as examples of human devices that exploit Skinner box-like techniques to randomly reward repetitive actions.
   Skinner is noted to have said that he didn't want to be an eponym. The term Skinner box is considered by some to be belittling, and is probably reserved to those who are not in the discipline of the Experimental analysis of behavior.

 

 

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